在加州建立清洁能源的障碍和解决方案

加州要实现2045年的清洁能源目标, 该州将需要将其现有能源容量提高三倍左右. 虽然这看起来很有挑战性, there are enough clean energy projects in the works to make it happen; the problem is the barriers that frequently occur in the development of these projects. California needs to prioritize working through the three bottlenecks listed below to ensure a reliable and equitable electricity grid for its people.

1. 输电和电网升级的需要

Grid infrastructure, 特别是传播, 没有跟上清洁能源转型的步伐吗. California's grid operator (CAISO) has more robust long-term planning processes than many other parts of the country, 但是，这种有计划的传播在发展过程中出现了障碍, 特别是在成本和许可方面.

Legislators and regulators can incentivize utilities to upgrade existing grid infrastructure, especially with grid-enhancing technologies such as dynamic line ratings and power flow controllers. This can cost-effectively increase transmission capacity in a much shorter time frame than building new transmission, 这可能需要十多年的时间. Improving regional cooperation can also help optimize the construction of new transmission that connects areas with high resource potential. For example, the West-Wide Governance Pathways Initiative formed by stakeholders across the West is building a regional grid coordination entity that could enable regional transmission planning while also facilitating discussions around cost allocation and coordinated permitting procedures. California should also consider alternative funding mechanisms for transmission projects. 这可能包括一个州传输机构, as in New Mexico, or increasing the number of transmission projects that are eligible for competitive solicitation. All processes to build out transmission should be underpinned by strong environmental reviews and early public engagement.

2. 互连队列积压

连接到电网, power-generating projects must undergo interconnection studies by CAISO to assess their impact on the grid. 因为在过去的几年里，CAISO已经被请求淹没了, 包括许多纯粹的推测, the interconnection queue now has a large backlog of projects waiting for these studies, 哪些变得更耗时，更不准确. 排队中的绝大多数项目都是清洁能源和储能项目.

CAISO has undertaken a policy initiative to introduce major reforms to the interconnection process, with a focus on limiting the queue intake and moving projects through the queue faster. This is a promising step towards a more efficient process that prioritizes projects aligned with available transmission capacity, commercial interest, project viability, and system need. However, 在这个过程中，中航国际仍需要更多的股权考虑, such as alternative tracks for projects serving or owned by Tribal or disadvantaged communities. For example, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission recently granted a waiver giving a Tribal community-owned wind project more time to meet financial requirements given its unique financing structure.

3. 选址和许可困难

加州拥有巨大的清洁能源潜力, but siting this infrastructure can conflict with other land uses such as conservation, agriculture, 以及各种社区需求. 因此，项目许可可能面临当地的反对, and permitting processes for transmission in multiple jurisdictional boundaries are cumbersome.

立法鼓励在建筑环境上使用清洁能源(例如.g.(如仓库屋顶)和受干扰的土地(如.g., brownfields), 或者使用虚拟发电厂, 能否尽量减少所需的土地数量，减少选址和许可问题. 国家也可以在公共土地上简化这些程序, but this path must involve robust stakeholder input and monitoring of cumulative impacts. 可再生的沙漠

节约能源计划是利用公共土地发展可再生能源的一个很好的例子, 结合对保护目标和当地社区的责任. Requiring early engagement with the affected communities can proactively address local concerns and help projects move forward faster.

Finally, the state should fund technical assistance programs for community-based organizations to work on meaningful engagement (e.g.，即订立“社区福利协议”)。.